Cal skeleton, at the same time as

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Cal skeleton, too as in neighbouring cranial or torso skeletal elements; this was surely connected using the anchoring of effective neck musculature and big ligaments in the base and anterior finish of the neck. They are optimal positions from which to help and operate long necks. In view of this, the elongate and tubular, somewhat immobile mid-series vertebrae of azhdarchids ought to be viewed as a pronounced improvement of a skeletal adaptation widespread across tetrapods, not as an uncommon or unprecedented anatomical configuration. S towards the editor {should be|ought azhdarchid skeletons show ample attachment web pages for neck musculature. For example, the occiput of Hatzegopteryx shows apparent signs of substantial soft-tissue attachment: the nuchal line is properly developed and extended, and its dorsolateral edges are deeply dished andNaish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.17/marked with vertical scarring (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003). Comparison with extant reptile anatomy Herrel De Vree, 1999; Cleuren De Vree, 2000; Tsuihiji, 2005; Tsuihiji, 2010; Snively Russell, 2007; Snively et al., 2014 suggests that these attributes reflect huge insertion areas for transversospinalis musculature (especially m. transversospinalis capiti along with the m. epistropheo-capitis/splenius group), cervical musculature devoted to head and neck extension and lateral flexion. The substantial neural spines on posterior azhdarchid cervicals and anterior thoracic vertebrae present prospective origin internet sites for m. transversospinalis capiti, although the lengthy neural spine of cervical III likely anchored m. For example, the occiput of Hatzegopteryx shows apparent signs of substantial soft-tissue attachment: the nuchal line is properly created and extended, and its dorsolateral edges are deeply dished andNaish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.17/marked with vertical scarring (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003). Comparison with extant reptile anatomy Herrel De Vree, 1999; Cleuren De Vree, 2000; Tsuihiji, 2005; Tsuihiji, 2010; Snively Russell, 2007; Snively et al., 2014 suggests that these characteristics reflect substantial insertion regions for transversospinalis musculature (specifically m. transversospinalis capiti as well as the m. epistropheo-capitis/splenius group), cervical musculature devoted to head and neck extension and lateral flexion. The significant neural spines on posterior azhdarchid cervicals and anterior thoracic vertebrae give possible origin web pages for m. transversospinalis capiti, whilst the long neural spine of cervical III probably anchored m. epistropheo-capitis. The opisthotic method of Hatzegopteryx is poorly identified but was evidently massive and robust and most likely facilitated attachment of large neck extensors and lateral flexors (m. semispinalis capitis/spinocapitis posticus). Similarly, the broken basioccipital tuberosities of Hatzegopteryx are lengthy even as preserved: neck and head flexors anchoring to these (m. longissimus capitis profundus, m. rectus capitisventralis) would have had higher mechanical benefit. The length and size of these occipital options suggest that significant muscles with augmented lever arms were anchored to the azhdarchid skull. Witmer et al. (2003) and Habib Godfrey (2010) made equivalent observations in regards to the occipital regions of other pterodactyloids: a minimum of the anterior neck skeleton of pterosaurs was likely strongly muscled. At the other intense on the axial column, the azhdarchid scapulocoracoid suggests that their superficial neck musculature might have been properly developed. Their scapulae are huge and dorsoventrally expanded in comparison with those of other pterosaurs (e.g., Elgin Frey, 2011), permitting broad insertions of m.