Ecies are intermingled within a species-independent manner (Supplementary Information Fig. S

Our final results suggest that the eight HinfI subfamilies had been present inside the popular ancestor of Centaureinae, every single one particular spreading differentially in various genera. The differential spreading accompanied the two major phases of radiation leading to two big groups in Centaureinae (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). As a result, subfamilies V III are discovered to prevail in older genera (initial phase of radiation inside the subtribe, late Oligocene iocene), while a number of repeats of subfamilies VI and VII have been isolated from Carduncellus and Centaurea (derived clade). Subfamilies I V have expanded predominantly in the genomes of species belonging to the derived clade of Centaureinae (second phase of radiation, [http://www.nanoplay.com/blog/48719/d-all-other-analyses-see-methods-techniques-strategies- Approaches-procedure/">D all other analyses (see {Methods|Techniques|Strategies|Approaches|Procedures|Solutions Pliocene to Pleistocene). Notably, there are actually many species with the early diverging groups obtaining subfamilies I II because the important representatives of HinfI sequences in their genomes. These data suggest that subfamilies I V have expanded lately, replacing other subfamilies in derived genera and in older genera. The replacement of one sequence variant by yet another in distinct species is often a prevalent function of satellite DNA that may be a consequence of the dynamics of satellite DNA evolution (Plohl et al., 2010, 2012). Molecular mechanisms of non-reciprocalDerived cladeIn phylogenentic analyses of subtribe Centaureinae (GarciaJacas et al., 2001), within the derived clade, the Carthamus complex occupies the earliest diverging position, and subgenera Jacea and Cyanus of Centaurea, for whi.Ecies are intermingled in a species-independent manner (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). However, most sequences of subfamily III belonging to Phonus and Carthamus species have a tendency to be grouped by taxonomic affinity, on 1 hand the sequences of Phonus arborescens and, on the other, the sequences of Carthamus tinctorius and those of Carthamus lanatus, even though you will discover some intermixed sequences from every single (Supplementary Data Fig. S3). In contrast, comparisons of subfamily III sequences of these species and low-copy counterparts of subfamily III in other species examined show higher interspecific sequence conservation and also the full lack of any species-diagnostic mutations, and consequently they seem to be intermixed within the subfamily III clade (Supplementary Data Fig. S3). HinfI sequences of Carduncellus (subfamily IV) appear intermingled without separation by certain affinity (Supplementary Data Fig. S3). Within the case of Rhaponticum and Klasea, sequences have a tendency to be grouped by certain affinity (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). Sequences of subfamily VI of Volutaria are separated in accordance with species of origin (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). However, the sequences in the two diverse subfamilies identified in Cheirolophus (VII and VIII) are certainly not grouped in phylogenetic trees by particular affinity and appear to become intermixed (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). DISCUSSION HinfI sequences happen to be discovered to become present inside the genomes of each of the species analysed of subtribe Centaureinae. These species are representative in the entire range of groups in this subtribe (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). The very first phase of radiation of the subtribe may date towards the late Oligocene and Miocene. Thus, the HinfI satellite DNA would date to at least 28 ?23 million years ago (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). This is not frequent among satellite DNA families, specifically in plants, one of the most ancient found exceptionally in cycads (Cafasso et al., 2003).