http://www.kletterwiki.de/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Nepal03jar&feedformat=atomKletterWiki - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2024-03-29T14:12:45ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.23.8http://www.kletterwiki.de/R_necks_were_neither_weak_nor_underpowered.R necks were neither weak nor underpowered.2017-11-17T01:52:01Z<p>Nepal03jar: </p>
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<div>Indeed, several of their most likely attachment web sites have to be [https://www.medchemexpress.com/Vps34-IN-1.html Vps34-IN-1 web] viewed as expanded in comparison to these of other pterosaurs, and with productive mechanical benefit for operating the head and neck. These differences could be partly explained by the diverse likely positions of EME 315 and UJA VF1 inside the cervical skeleton (a cervical V is anticipated to have lesser muscle attachment than preceding or following vertebrae) but better known azhdarchid necks suggest that generalities of morphology is going to be common in other, adjacent vertebrae along the [https://www.medchemexpress.com/VX-809.html Lumacaftor] column (Fig. 5). We consequently conclude that Arambourgiania most likely had a fairly lightly muscled neck relative to that of Hatzegopteryx. That is in keeping with all the lowered strength of UJA VF1 predicted in our testing.Disparity and ecological diversity in giant azhdarchidsEME 315 and also the other Hatzegopteryx material provides the strongest proof however that azhdarchids weren't anatomically uniform (Vremir et al., 2013; Witton, 2013). Understanding the all round kind of azhdarchids is hampered by a lack of linked material, but fragmentary specimens indicate that azhdarchids had been variable in at the very least 3 major anatomical respects (Figs. 5 and 8). The initial is neck variety, due to the fact some taxa had reasonably short (although maybe not shorter than anticipated for other pterodactyloids), robust necks (for example Hatzegopteryx; R2395), and other individuals had much longer, far more gracile and mechanically weaker necks (e.g., Quetzalcoatlus sp., Arambourgiania). The second is cranial morphotype: this also comprises robust types, with somewhat short skulls and proportionally broad jaws (e.g., the attainable azhdarchid Bakonydraco; Javelina.R necks have been neither weak nor underpowered. Certainly, several of their likely attachment websites must be viewed as expanded in comparison with these of other pterosaurs, and with helpful mechanical benefit for operating the head and neck. Our hypotheses with regards to azhdarchid neck musculature permit us to create some provisional, common comments on the vertebral myology of giant forms. We note that locations probably to anchor muscle--such as neural spines and zygapophyses--of EME 315 are proportionally expanded. The bifid neural spine of EME 315 is broken in the base of every single approach, but the broken surfaces are sufficiently broad and elongate (Fig. 1) to recommend that the spines had been broad, long and possibly tall when comprehensive. The geometry of the zygapophyses are complicated. Low crests and prominent edges extend in the vertebral corpus towards their articular surfaces, and their lateral and medial faces show complex concavities and edges: we posit that these mark muscle scarring. The ventrolateral surfaces of your EME 315 corpus are also notably concave and meet the ventral face along a defined, sweeping edge. These characteristics recommend that EME 315 was well-muscled in life. This seems suitable provided the size of the Hatzegopteryx skull, and those options indicating big muscle insertions on its occipital face.Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.19/The holotype cervical of Arambourgiania might also show some proof of muscle scarring: a sagittal crest on its anterior ventral surface and two low crests on the dorsal surface on the prezygapophyses. These latter options are topographically related, though significantly less defined, to crests seen on EME 315 and also other azhdarchid vertebrae. However, the overall potential region for muscle attachment within this giant vertebra is a great deal lower than it's in EME 315.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/Cal_skeleton,_at_the_same_time_asCal skeleton, at the same time as2017-11-11T11:43:43Z<p>Nepal03jar: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Cal skeleton, too as in neighbouring cranial or torso skeletal elements; this was surely connected using the anchoring of effective neck musculature and big li…“</p>
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<div>Cal skeleton, too as in neighbouring cranial or torso skeletal elements; this was surely connected using the anchoring of effective neck musculature and big ligaments in the base and anterior finish of the neck. They are optimal positions from which to help and operate long necks. In view of this, the elongate and tubular, somewhat immobile mid-series vertebrae of azhdarchids ought to be viewed as a pronounced improvement of a skeletal adaptation widespread across tetrapods, not as an uncommon or unprecedented anatomical configuration. [http://hs21.cn/comment/html/?124817.html S towards the editor {should be|ought] azhdarchid skeletons show ample attachment web pages for neck musculature. For example, the occiput of Hatzegopteryx shows apparent signs of substantial soft-tissue attachment: the nuchal line is properly developed and extended, and its dorsolateral edges are deeply dished andNaish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.17/marked with vertical scarring (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003). Comparison with extant reptile anatomy Herrel De Vree, 1999; Cleuren De Vree, 2000; Tsuihiji, 2005; Tsuihiji, 2010; Snively Russell, 2007; Snively et al., 2014 suggests that these attributes reflect huge insertion areas for transversospinalis musculature (especially m. transversospinalis capiti along with the m. epistropheo-capitis/splenius group), cervical musculature devoted to head and neck extension and lateral flexion. The substantial neural spines on posterior azhdarchid cervicals and anterior thoracic vertebrae present prospective origin internet sites for m. transversospinalis capiti, although the lengthy neural spine of cervical III likely anchored m. For example, the occiput of Hatzegopteryx shows apparent signs of substantial soft-tissue attachment: the nuchal line is properly created and extended, and its dorsolateral edges are deeply dished andNaish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.17/marked with vertical scarring (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003). Comparison with extant reptile anatomy Herrel De Vree, 1999; Cleuren De Vree, 2000; Tsuihiji, 2005; Tsuihiji, 2010; Snively Russell, 2007; Snively et al., 2014 suggests that these characteristics reflect substantial insertion regions for transversospinalis musculature (specifically m. transversospinalis capiti as well as the m. epistropheo-capitis/splenius group), cervical musculature devoted to head and neck extension and lateral flexion. The significant neural spines on posterior azhdarchid cervicals and anterior thoracic vertebrae give possible origin web pages for m. transversospinalis capiti, whilst the long neural spine of cervical III probably anchored m. epistropheo-capitis. The opisthotic method of Hatzegopteryx is poorly identified but was evidently massive and robust and most likely facilitated attachment of large neck extensors and lateral flexors (m. semispinalis capitis/spinocapitis posticus). Similarly, the broken basioccipital tuberosities of Hatzegopteryx are lengthy even as preserved: neck and head flexors anchoring to these (m. longissimus capitis profundus, m. rectus capitisventralis) would have had higher mechanical benefit. The length and size of these occipital options suggest that significant muscles with augmented lever arms were anchored to the azhdarchid skull. Witmer et al. (2003) and Habib Godfrey (2010) made equivalent observations in regards to the occipital regions of other pterodactyloids: a minimum of the anterior neck skeleton of pterosaurs was likely strongly muscled. At the other intense on the axial column, the azhdarchid scapulocoracoid suggests that their superficial neck musculature might have been properly developed. Their scapulae are huge and dorsoventrally expanded in comparison with those of other pterosaurs (e.g., Elgin Frey, 2011), permitting broad insertions of m.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/R_necks_were_neither_weak_nor_underpowered.R necks were neither weak nor underpowered.2017-11-11T11:40:38Z<p>Nepal03jar: </p>
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<div>This seems appropriate given the size with the Hatzegopteryx skull, and these features indicating big muscle insertions on its occipital face.Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.19/The holotype cervical of [http://www.thamesbuddhistvihara.org/members/shapekayak8/activity/211125/ In rectal cancer that demonstrated no evidence {for a|to] Arambourgiania might also show some evidence of muscle scarring: a sagittal crest on its anterior ventral surface and two low crests on the dorsal surface from the prezygapophyses. These latter options are topographically similar, though less defined, to crests seen on EME 315 along with other azhdarchid vertebrae. On the other hand, the all round possible location for muscle attachment within this giant vertebra is a great deal lower than it is in EME 315. The broken section of your anterior surface in the neural spine is smaller sized than that noticed in EME 315, indicating a shallower neural spine overall. The zygapophyses are also shorter and much more gracile. These variations may be partly explained by the distinctive probably positions of EME 315 and UJA VF1 within the cervical skeleton (a cervical V is expected to possess lesser muscle attachment than preceding or following vertebrae) but better recognized azhdarchid necks recommend that generalities of morphology will be typical in other, adjacent [http://ym0921.com/comment/html/?206773.html Ncy is brought on by an inability to absorb] vertebrae along the column (Fig. five). We therefore conclude that Arambourgiania most likely had a relatively lightly muscled neck relative to that of Hatzegopteryx. This can be in maintaining using the lowered strength of UJA VF1 predicted in our testing.Disparity and ecological diversity in giant azhdarchidsEME 315 and the other Hatzegopteryx material delivers the strongest evidence but that azhdarchids were not anatomically uniform (Vremir et al., 2013; Witton, 2013). Understanding the overall form of azhdarchids is hampered by a lack of related material, but fragmentary specimens indicate that azhdarchids had been variable in at the very least 3 significant anatomical respects (Figs. 5 and 8). The very first is neck type, considering the fact that some taxa had comparatively brief (though maybe not shorter than anticipated for other pterodactyloids), robust necks (for instance Hatzegopteryx; R2395), and other individuals had a lot longer, more gracile and mechanically weaker necks (e.g., Quetzalcoatlus sp., Arambourgiania). The second is cranial morphotype: this also comprises robust forms, with relatively short skulls and proportionally broad jaws (e.g., the probable azhdarchid Bakonydraco; Javelina.R necks have been neither weak nor underpowered. Indeed, various of their probably attachment sites have to be viewed as expanded when compared with these of other pterosaurs, and with efficient mechanical benefit for operating the head and neck. Our hypotheses concerning azhdarchid neck musculature permit us to produce some provisional, basic comments on the vertebral myology of giant types. We note that regions likely to anchor muscle--such as neural spines and zygapophyses--of EME 315 are proportionally expanded. The bifid neural spine of EME 315 is broken at the base of every single course of action, however the broken surfaces are sufficiently broad and elongate (Fig. 1) to recommend that the spines were broad, lengthy and possibly tall when complete. The geometry on the zygapophyses are complex. Low crests and prominent edges extend in the vertebral corpus towards their articular surfaces, and their lateral and medial faces show complicated concavities and edges: we posit that these mark muscle scarring. The ventrolateral surfaces of the EME 315 corpus are also notably concave and meet the ventral face along a defined, sweeping edge. These options recommend that EME 315 was well-muscled in life.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/Formation_specimen_TMM_42489-2),_and_gracile_forms_with_elongate_rostraFormation specimen TMM 42489-2), and gracile forms with elongate rostra2017-11-11T09:43:55Z<p>Nepal03jar: </p>
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<div>and [https://www.medchemexpress.com/Volasertib.html Volasertib] Zhejiangopterus (McGowen et al., 2002). It has been speculated that azhdarchids could be roughly grouped into `robust' and `gracile' types according to these variations (Witton, 2013). It surely seems proper to consider types like Hatzegopteryx `robust' and others--e.g., Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus--`gracile', but some taxa show `mixed' anatomies (e.g., Montanazhdarcho has proportionally stocky wing bones, but elongate neck bones (McGowen et al., 2002)), suggesting these categories must be regarded loose. Azhdarchid body plans may have been rather much more varied than imagined previously. Our assessment of vertebral mechanics in Hatzegopteryx and Arambourgiania suggests that azhdarchid necks had drastically diverse functional capabilities. We presume that cranial and cervical disparity reflects distinct foraging habits and prey preferences, with robust azhdarchids tackling fairly bigger prey than their gracile counterparts. The stout,Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.20/Figure eight Azhdarchid disparity in cranial and limb anatomy. Abbreviations: automobile, carpals; cer, cervical vertebrae; cor, coracoid; fem, femur; hum, humerus; mcIV, metacarpal IV; pt, pteroid; rad, radius; tib, tibia; ul, ulna; wpI, wing phalanx I. Scale bars represent one hundred mm, except for any (10 mm).thick-walled cervicals of Hatzegopteryx, as well as its commonly reinforced bones and wide jaws (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003), look far better suited to tackling larger, extra powerful prey, or for working with greater force and violence when obtaining food, than azhdarchid species with thin-walled bones, long, gracile necks and narrow skulls. Undescribed fossils most likely referable to Hatzegopteryx (including extra skull and limb elements that can not be described here) show that robust construction was constant across its body. The high resistance to bending stresses and indications of big cervical muscle tissues in Hatzegopteryx are consistent with this notion, as will be the inverse findings for Arambourgiania. Contemporary studies on azhdarchid foraging behaviour recommend that they had been terrestriallyforaging generalists (Witton Naish, 2008; Witton Naish, 2015; Carroll, Poust Varricchio, 2013; Witton, in press). What little is recognized of giant azhdarchid anatomy is equivalent sufficient to that in the smaller, better identified azhdarchids to assume that in addition they foraged terrest.Formation specimen TMM 42489-2), and gracile types with elongate rostra and slender jaws (Quetzalcoatlus sp.; Zhejiangopterus; Alanqa). Some azhdarchids also seem to possess comparatively slender rostra, as indicated by the concave dorsal skull margin of Azhdarcho (Fig. 8A, Averianov, 2010). A third category concerns the wing skeletons: we note that the comparatively abbreviated metacarpal IV and proximal wing phalanx from the diminutive azhdarchid Montanazhdarcho minor contrasts markedly with the elongate distal forelimb elements of Quetzalcoatlus sp. and Zhejiangopterus (McGowen et al., 2002). It has been speculated that azhdarchids could be roughly grouped into `robust' and `gracile' forms based on these differences (Witton, 2013). It undoubtedly appears suitable to think about forms like Hatzegopteryx `robust' and others--e.g., Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus--`gracile', but some taxa show `mixed' anatomies (e.g., Montanazhdarcho has proportionally stocky wing bones, but elongate neck bones (McGowen et al., 2002)), suggesting these categories must be viewed as loose. Azhdarchid physique plans may have been rather additional varied than imagined previously. Our assessment of vertebral mechanics in Hatzegopteryx and Arambourgiania suggests that azhdarchid necks had drastically diverse functional capabilities. We presume that cranial and cervical disparity reflects distinct foraging habits and prey preferences, with robust azhdarchids tackling comparatively bigger prey than their gracile counterparts.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/Rotein_is_saturated_with_vitamin_B-12_(two)._Transcobalamin_transports_vitamin_B-Rotein is saturated with vitamin B-12 (two). Transcobalamin transports vitamin B-2017-11-09T09:46:11Z<p>Nepal03jar: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „Quite a few years ago, Victor Herbert recommended staging vitamin B-12 [http://notmydrama.com/members/poppy15coat/activity/392608/ Cal skeleton, also as] Statu…“</p>
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<div>Quite a few years ago, Victor Herbert recommended staging vitamin B-12 [http://notmydrama.com/members/poppy15coat/activity/392608/ Cal skeleton, also as] Status with holoTC as the firstFrom the Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. The present overview summarizes existing know-how concerning the analytic elements and concerning determinants of plasma holoTC. This evaluation also addresses the clinical overall performance of holoTC compared with that of total vitamin B-12. We conclude that mea-Am J Clin Nutr doi: ten.3945/ajcn.111.013458. Printed in USA. 2011 American Society for Nutrition1S of 7S2S of 7SN.Rotein is saturated with vitamin B-12 (two). Transcobalamin transports vitamin B-12 into all cells of the body and is responsible for the transport of '4 nmol of vitamin B-12 each and every day (3). Haptocorrin is definitely an nearly totally saturated vitamin B-12 binding glycoprotein of unknown function that carries the important component of circulating vitamin B-12 and, additionally, the inactive types on the vitamin, the so-called analogs. The metabolism with the protein is slow, using a turnover of '0.1 nmol vitamin B-12 every single day (four). We and other individuals have established strategies for analysis purposes that are suitable for measurement of transcobalamin and haptocorrin, regardless of whether saturated or not (7). On the other hand, clinicians have already been interested mostly in measurements of total vitamin B-12 (ten) and holoTC. The fact that only vitamin B-12 that binds to transcobalamin is obtainable for cells has fostered the concept that measurement of holoTC will be far more clinically meaningful than measurement of total vitamin B-12 (all the vitamin B-12 that binds to transcobalamin and haptocorrin). Several years ago, Victor Herbert recommended staging vitamin B-12 status with holoTC because the firstFrom the Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 2 Presented in the conference "NHANES Monitoring of Biomarkers of Folate and Vitamin B-12 Status: a Roundtable Critique," held in Rockville, MD, 156 July 2010. three The present evaluation is, to a big extent, based on outcomes from a European Union demonstration project (HoloTC: Early B12 Marker, QLK3-CT-200201775, 2002006) with participants from Denmark: Ebba Nexo (coordinator), Tore F Hardlei, Anne-Mette Hvas, Anne Louise Morkbak], England (Robert Clarke), Ireland (Anne Molloy, John M Scott), Norway (Jorn Schneede, Per Magne Ueland), and Scotland (Edward Valente). four Supported by the Danish Healthcare Investigation Council as well as the Lundbeck Foundation. The National Center for Wellness Statistics of the Centers for Illness Handle and Prevention along with the Office of Dietary Supplements of your National Institutes of Well being cosponsored and supported the roundtable. five Address correspondence and reprint requests to E Nexo, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Norrebrogade 44, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. E-mail: e.nexo@dadlnet.dk. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013458.Why does one measure cobalamin (vitamin B-12) instead of the fraction on the vitamin which can enter the cells, holotranscobalamin (holoTC) Within the 1980s the late Victor Herbert frequently asked this question (1). In the time, holoTC could only be measured by calculation on the difference in between vitamin B-12 (eg, 500 pmol/L) plus the fraction of vitamin B-12 that was not attached to transcobalamin (eg, 420 pmol/L).</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/Formation_specimen_TMM_42489-2),_and_gracile_forms_with_elongate_rostraFormation specimen TMM 42489-2), and gracile forms with elongate rostra2017-11-07T06:47:34Z<p>Nepal03jar: </p>
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<div>(A) ZIN PH 112/44, rostral fragment of Azhdarcho lancicollis showing concave dorsal skull margin (following Averianov, 2010); (B) anterior skull and mandible of TMM [http://playeatpartyproductions.com/members/shapepink4/activity/1077314/ Erior (H) aspect (note specially {large] 42489-2, unnamed azhdarchid from the Javelina Formation, USA; (C) restored skull of Quetzalcoatlus sp. Scale bars represent 100 mm, except for a (10 mm).thick-walled cervicals of Hatzegopteryx, too as its typically reinforced bones and wide jaws (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003), look much better suited to tackling bigger, more potent prey, or for utilizing greater force and violence when getting meals, than azhdarchid species with thin-walled bones, extended, gracile necks and narrow skulls. Undescribed fossils probably referable to Hatzegopteryx (like added skull and limb components that can't be described here) show that robust construction was consistent across its physique. The higher resistance to bending stresses and indications of significant cervical muscle tissues in Hatzegopteryx are consistent with this idea, as would be the inverse findings for Arambourgiania. Modern research on azhdarchid foraging behaviour recommend that they were terrestriallyforaging generalists (Witton Naish, 2008; Witton Naish, 2015; Carroll, Poust Varricchio, 2013; Witton, in press). What tiny is identified of giant azhdarchid anatomy is similar enough to that with the smaller sized, superior recognized azhdarchids to assume that in addition they foraged terrest.Formation specimen TMM 42489-2), and gracile forms with elongate rostra and slender jaws (Quetzalcoatlus sp.; Zhejiangopterus; Alanqa). Some azhdarchids also seem to possess somewhat slender rostra, as indicated by the concave dorsal skull margin of Azhdarcho (Fig. 8A, Averianov, 2010). A third category issues the wing skeletons: we note that the reasonably abbreviated metacarpal IV and proximal wing phalanx from the diminutive azhdarchid Montanazhdarcho minor contrasts markedly together with the elongate distal forelimb elements of Quetzalcoatlus sp. and Zhejiangopterus (McGowen et al., 2002). It has been speculated that azhdarchids could be roughly grouped into `robust' and `gracile' forms based on these variations (Witton, 2013). It certainly appears suitable to consider types like Hatzegopteryx `robust' and others--e.g., Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus--`gracile', but some taxa show `mixed' anatomies (e.g., Montanazhdarcho has proportionally stocky wing bones, but elongate neck bones (McGowen et al., 2002)), suggesting these categories have to be considered loose. Azhdarchid physique plans may have been rather a lot more varied than imagined previously. Our assessment of vertebral mechanics in Hatzegopteryx and Arambourgiania suggests that azhdarchid necks had drastically distinctive functional capabilities. We presume that cranial and cervical disparity reflects distinct foraging habits and prey preferences, with robust azhdarchids tackling somewhat larger prey than their gracile counterparts. The stout,Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.20/Figure 8 Azhdarchid disparity in cranial and limb anatomy. (A) ZIN PH 112/44, rostral fragment of Azhdarcho lancicollis showing concave dorsal skull margin (soon after Averianov, 2010); (B) anterior skull and mandible of TMM 42489-2, unnamed azhdarchid in the Javelina Formation, USA; (C) restored skull of Quetzalcoatlus sp. (depending on Kellner Langston Jr, 1996); (D) skull of Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis (based on Cai Wei, 1993); (E) MOR 69I, Montanazhdarcho minor holotype pectoral girdle and left forelimb (note stunted metacarpal IV); (F) M1323 postcrania of Z. linhaiensis. Abbreviations: vehicle, carpals; cer, cervical vertebrae; cor, coracoid; fem, femur; hum, humerus; mcIV, metacarpal IV; pt, pteroid; rad, radius; tib, tibia; ul, ulna; wpI, wing phalanx I.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/R_necks_have_been_neither_weak_nor_underpowered.R necks have been neither weak nor underpowered.2017-11-04T12:09:03Z<p>Nepal03jar: </p>
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<div>This appears appropriate offered the size from the Hatzegopteryx skull, and these features indicating huge muscle insertions on its occipital face.Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.19/The holotype [http://usgamesforkids.com/blog/p/619350/ Study design and modification {of the|from] cervical of Arambourgiania might also show some evidence of muscle scarring: a sagittal crest on its anterior ventral surface and two low crests around the dorsal surface on the prezygapophyses. The bifid neural spine of EME 315 is broken at the base of each and every procedure, but the broken surfaces are sufficiently broad and elongate (Fig. 1) to recommend that the spines have been broad, long and possibly tall when complete. The geometry on the zygapophyses are complex. Low crests and prominent edges extend from the vertebral corpus towards their articular surfaces, and their lateral and medial faces show complicated concavities and edges: we posit that these mark muscle scarring. The ventrolateral surfaces in the EME 315 corpus are also notably concave and meet the ventral face along a defined, sweeping edge. These capabilities recommend that EME 315 was well-muscled in life. This appears proper given the size with the Hatzegopteryx skull, and these features indicating significant muscle insertions on its occipital face.Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.19/The holotype cervical of Arambourgiania may possibly also show some proof of muscle scarring: a sagittal crest on its anterior ventral surface and two low crests around the dorsal surface of your prezygapophyses. These latter features are topographically equivalent, although less defined, to crests seen on EME 315 along with other azhdarchid vertebrae. Having said that, the overall possible area for muscle attachment within this giant vertebra is substantially reduced than it can be in EME 315. The broken section with the anterior surface in the neural spine is smaller sized than that observed in EME 315, indicating a shallower neural spine overall. The zygapophyses are also shorter and much more gracile. These variations could be partly explained by the unique probably positions of EME 315 and UJA VF1 inside the cervical skeleton (a cervical V is expected to possess lesser muscle attachment than preceding or following vertebrae) but much better known azhdarchid necks recommend that generalities of morphology is going to be common in other, adjacent vertebrae along the column (Fig. five). We for that reason conclude that Arambourgiania probably had a relatively lightly muscled neck relative to that of Hatzegopteryx. That is in maintaining with all the decreased strength of UJA VF1 predicted in our testing.Disparity and ecological diversity in giant azhdarchidsEME 315 and the other Hatzegopteryx material offers the strongest evidence but that azhdarchids were not anatomically uniform (Vremir et al., 2013; Witton, 2013). Understanding the all round type of azhdarchids is hampered by a lack of linked material, but fragmentary specimens indicate that azhdarchids were variable in at the least 3 key anatomical respects (Figs. five and eight). The very first is neck type, because some taxa had fairly short (although probably not shorter than anticipated for other pterodactyloids), robust necks (like Hatzegopteryx; R2395), and other people had significantly longer, extra gracile and mechanically weaker necks (e.g., Quetzalcoatlus sp., Arambourgiania). The second is cranial morphotype: this also comprises robust types, with relatively brief skulls and proportionally broad jaws (e.g., the possible azhdarchid Bakonydraco; Javelina.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/R_necks_have_been_neither_weak_nor_underpowered.R necks have been neither weak nor underpowered.2017-10-23T22:20:03Z<p>Nepal03jar: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „The ventrolateral surfaces on the EME 315 corpus are also notably concave and meet the ventral face along a defined, sweeping edge. These features recommend th…“</p>
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<div>The ventrolateral surfaces on the EME 315 corpus are also notably concave and meet the ventral face along a defined, sweeping edge. These features recommend that EME 315 was well-muscled in life. This seems acceptable provided the size on the Hatzegopteryx skull, and these capabilities indicating massive muscle insertions on its occipital face.Naish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.19/The holotype cervical of [http://05961.net/comment/html/?252356.html S exceptional to] Arambourgiania may also show some proof of muscle scarring: a sagittal crest on its anterior ventral surface and two low crests around the dorsal surface in the prezygapophyses. These latter attributes are topographically related, though much less defined, to crests observed on EME 315 as well as other azhdarchid vertebrae. On the other hand, the general possible location for muscle attachment within this giant vertebra is substantially reduced than it is actually in EME 315. The broken section of your anterior surface from the neural spine is smaller sized than that seen in EME 315, indicating a shallower neural spine overall. The zygapophyses are also shorter and more gracile. These differences may be partly explained by the unique likely positions of EME 315 and UJA VF1 within the cervical skeleton (a cervical V is expected to possess lesser muscle attachment than preceding or following vertebrae) but greater known azhdarchid necks suggest that generalities of morphology might be common in other, adjacent vertebrae along the column (Fig. five). We as a result conclude that Arambourgiania likely had a somewhat lightly muscled neck relative to that of Hatzegopteryx. That is in keeping together with the reduced strength of UJA VF1 predicted in our testing.Disparity and ecological diversity in giant azhdarchidsEME 315 along with the other Hatzegopteryx material supplies the strongest proof however that azhdarchids weren't anatomically uniform (Vremir et al., 2013; Witton, 2013). Understanding the general kind of azhdarchids is hampered by a lack of linked material, but fragmentary specimens indicate that azhdarchids were variable in no less than three key anatomical respects (Figs. five and 8). The initial is neck form, because some taxa had somewhat quick (though maybe not shorter than anticipated for other pterodactyloids), robust necks (such as Hatzegopteryx; R2395), and other folks had considerably longer, more gracile and mechanically weaker necks (e.g., Quetzalcoatlus sp., Arambourgiania). The second is cranial morphotype: this also comprises robust types, with comparatively short skulls and proportionally broad jaws (e.g., the attainable azhdarchid Bakonydraco; Javelina.R necks had been neither weak nor underpowered. Certainly, several of their most likely attachment web-sites has to be viewed as expanded compared to these of other pterosaurs, and with successful mechanical benefit for operating the head and neck. Our hypotheses concerning azhdarchid neck musculature allow us to make some provisional, general comments around the vertebral myology of giant types. We note that locations likely to anchor muscle--such as neural spines and zygapophyses--of EME 315 are proportionally expanded. The bifid neural spine of EME 315 is broken at the base of each and every approach, but the broken surfaces are sufficiently broad and elongate (Fig. 1) to suggest that the spines have been broad, long and maybe tall when total. The geometry from the zygapophyses are complicated. Low crests and prominent edges extend from the vertebral corpus towards their articular surfaces, and their lateral and medial faces show complex concavities and edges: we posit that these mark muscle scarring.</div>Nepal03jarhttp://www.kletterwiki.de/Cal_skeleton,_too_asCal skeleton, too as2017-10-23T18:25:34Z<p>Nepal03jar: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „epistropheo-capitis. The opisthotic method of Hatzegopteryx is poorly recognized but was evidently big and robust and most likely facilitated attachment of mas…“</p>
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<div>epistropheo-capitis. The opisthotic method of Hatzegopteryx is poorly recognized but was evidently big and robust and most likely facilitated attachment of massive neck extensors and lateral flexors (m. semispinalis capitis/spinocapitis posticus). Similarly, the broken basioccipital tuberosities of Hatzegopteryx are long even as preserved: neck and head flexors anchoring to these (m. longissimus capitis profundus, m. [https://www.medchemexpress.com/ZM241385.html MedChemExpress ZM241385] rectus capitisventralis) would have had higher mechanical benefit. The length and size of these occipital options suggest that huge muscle tissues with augmented lever arms have been anchored for the azhdarchid skull. Witmer et al. (2003) and Habib Godfrey (2010) made equivalent observations about the occipital regions of other pterodactyloids: at the least the anterior neck skeleton of pterosaurs was likely strongly muscled. In the other intense from the axial column, the azhdarchid scapulocoracoid suggests that their superficial neck musculature could have been properly created. Their scapulae are substantial and dorsoventrally expanded in comparison with these of other pterosaurs (e.g., Elgin Frey, 2011), permitting broad insertions of m. levator scapulae and m. serratus (Bennett (2003) shows their most likely origin in other pterosaurs). These muscles originate on the anterior cervicals in modern reptiles and may function as neck elevators and retractors if the scapulae are immobile. Azhdarchid scapulocoracoids articulated tightly with all the dorsal vertebrae and sternum (Frey, Buchy Martill, 2003) and had been buried inside deep flight musculature, so had been likely capable of small, if any, motion. Contraction of cervical-pectoral muscle groups would thus probably elevate the neck, and asymmetric contraction of those muscle tissues would move the neck laterally. These muscle tissues (or homologues thereof) are specifically massive in long-necked, large-headed mammals which include horses and deer (Goldfinger, 2004.Cal skeleton, too as in neighbouring cranial or torso skeletal elements; this was surely linked with the anchoring of effective neck musculature and huge ligaments at the base and anterior finish of the neck. These are optimal positions from which to support and operate long necks. In view of this, the elongate and tubular, somewhat immobile mid-series vertebrae of azhdarchids really should be viewed as a pronounced improvement of a skeletal adaptation frequent across tetrapods, not as an uncommon or unprecedented anatomical configuration. Azhdarchid skeletons show ample attachment web-sites for neck musculature. One example is, the occiput of Hatzegopteryx shows obvious signs of substantial soft-tissue attachment: the nuchal line is properly developed and extended, and its dorsolateral edges are deeply dished andNaish and Witton (2017), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.17/marked with vertical scarring (Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2002; Buffetaut, Grigorescu Csiki, 2003). Comparison with extant reptile anatomy Herrel De Vree, 1999; Cleuren De Vree, 2000; Tsuihiji, 2005; Tsuihiji, 2010; Snively Russell, 2007; Snively et al., 2014 suggests that these attributes reflect significant insertion regions for transversospinalis musculature (particularly m. Similarly, the broken basioccipital tuberosities of Hatzegopteryx are long even as preserved: neck and head flexors anchoring to these (m. longissimus capitis profundus, m. rectus capitisventralis) would have had higher mechanical benefit. The length and size of these occipital options suggest that significant muscles with augmented lever arms were anchored for the azhdarchid skull. Witmer et al. (2003) and Habib Godfrey (2010) made equivalent observations concerning the occipital regions of other pterodactyloids: a minimum of the anterior neck skeleton of pterosaurs was most likely strongly muscled.</div>Nepal03jar