, 1991; Scafidi, Field, Wheeden, Schanberg, Kuhn, Symanski et al., 1996). Caffeine use has

Newborns of mothers who consumed caffeine (62 of mothers drank caffeine each day) were extra frequently low birthweight and showed extra stress Successful approaches to let cancer-affected families release their tension and communicate behaviors. To explore the possibility that the massage therapy effects had been mediated by elevated vagal activity, we conducted a study on moderate versus light stress massage (Diego Field, 2008). As could be noticed in figure 2, vagal activity enhanced (a optimistic effect) following moderate stress massage, but not following light pressure massage. The stimulation of stress title= fnhum.2013.00464 receptors seems to increase vagal activity which in turn would minimize cortisol levels. Mainly because we had shown that partners could effectively deliver pregnancy massage (Field et al., 2004b), we repeated the study using partners as therapists. In this study we also assessed the effects on the partners. Prenatally depressed girls have been randomly assigned t., 1991; Scafidi, Field, Wheeden, Schanberg, Kuhn, Symanski et al., 1996). Caffeine use has also affected neonatal outcomes (Diego et al., 2007). Newborns of mothers who consumed caffeine (62 of mothers drank caffeine everyday) had been additional usually low birthweight and showed more tension behaviors. Even psychotropic medications have been noted to impact the fetus (see Field, 2010 for any critique; Emory title= s13578-015-0060-8 Dieter, 2006).Infant Behav Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.Field et al.PagePaternal Depression As A Danger FactorPaternal depression was an more threat factor in a minimum of 1 study on the effects of paternal depression on prenatal depression symptoms, anxiousness, anger and each day hassles in depressed and non-depressed pregnant girls and their depressed and non-depressed partners (fathers-to-be) (Field, Diego, Hernandez-Reif, Figueiredo, Deeds, Contogeorgos et al., 2006d). Depressed versus non-depressed fathers had greater depression, anxiety and daily hassles scores. Though the pregnant women in general had reduce anxiety, anger and daily hassles scores than the men, the depressed fathers and depressed mothers' scores didn't differ. Paternal depression also had significantly less effect than maternal depression on their partners' scores. Even so, the similarity amongst the scores of depressed mothers and depressed fathers highlights the importance of screening for depression in fathers-to-be too as mothers-to-be throughout pregnancy.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptMassage Therapy Reduces Prenatal Depression and Cortisol and Improves Neonatal OutcomesVarious types of stimulation have been noted to reduced prenatal depression and cortisol including yoga (Narendran, S., Nagarathna, Narendran, V., Gunasheela, Nagendra, 2005) and massage therapy (Field, Diego, Hernandez-Reif, Schanberg, Kuhn, 2004b). And, serotonin and dopamine are elevated following massage therapy (Field, Hernandez-Reif, Diego, Schanberg, Kuhn, title= JVI.00652-15 2005c) and following workout (Struder, Hollmann, Platen, Wostmann, Ferrauti, Weber, 1997). Thus, with these cost-effective interventions, the pricey issues of prematurity may possibly be decreased. Being aware of that prenatal depression (and elevated cortisol) contributed to prematurity, we carried out a pregnancy massage study that effectively decreased prenatal depression, cortisol and prematurity (Field, et al, 2004b). The outcomes of that study led towards the following research. Vagal activity has been notably lower in depressed pregnant women and in their newborns (Field et al 2004a; Jones, Field, Fox, Davalos, Lundy, Hart, 1998). Low vagal activity is connected to various developmental difficulties such as behavior complications in later childhood (Porges, Doussard-Roosevelt, Portales, Greenspan, 1996).