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Handle variables--For controls we include whether or not the respondent is female (=1), grade (range: 7?2th), regardless of whether the youth is white (=1), and no matter if the Ks plus lunch period combined). Apart from these constraints, contacts take place parent is single (=1). This scheme follows the denominational coding outlined by Steensland and colleagues (2000), though we combine the Jewish and "other" religion categories because of compact number of respondents in these groups.3 Second, t.A Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript1Although some researchers combine measures of religion into scales, which include public and private religiosity (e.g., Nonnemaker, McNeely, and Blum 2006), we examine single-item indicators for 3 factors. Initial, because this is the first evaluation to simultaneously model selection and influence in the religious homogeneity of adolescents' social networks, we didn't want to assume that selection and influence operate exactly the same across various aspects of religion. Second, as recent analysis shows (e.g., Schwadel 2011), individual attributes can effect unique indicators of religion in distinctive ways, which can bring about misleading outcomes if measures of religion are combined into scales. Third, the models we employ are designed to function with ordinal dependent variables producing scales much more complicated to use. 2Due to an unfortunate skip pattern in Add Health, adolescents with no religious affiliation weren't asked about their religious beliefs and activities. These unaffiliated respondents has to be kept inside the sample for all analyses to ensure right specification in the network portion of your model (e.g., Huisman 2009; Huisman and Steglich 2008). Consequently, we code unaffiliated respondents as by no means attending solutions or youth services, as not being born again, as placing no significance in religion, and as under no circumstances praying. This coding most closely reflects what we know about unaffiliated adolescents. As an example, in line with Wave 1 of your National Study of Youth and Religion, a nationally representative survey of adolescents ages 13 to 17, 94 % of unaffiliated adolescents never attend religious services (in comparison to significantly less than eight % of affiliated title= npp.2015.196 adolescents), only title= genetics.115.182410 13 percent of unaffiliated adolescents say religion is very or really vital in everyday life (in comparison with 55 percent of affiliated teens), and more than half of all unaffiliated adolescents never pray (in comparison with much less than ten percent of affiliated adolescents) (see Smith and Denton 2003 for data on the National Study of Youth and Religion).Soc Sci Res. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2013 September 01.Cheadle and SchwadelPageThe last dependent variable, the friendship network matrix, is made use of to map whom every adolescent views to be a buddy more than time. The network hence reflects the peers every adolescent views to become a close buddy at each wave. This involves "best close friends," but just isn't restricted to them considering that our definition of friendship captures individual views onto their network and not dyadic consensus reflecting reciprocal ties (e.g., Prinstein 2007). The adolescent friendship network at each and every wave is constructed from two sets of variables requesting nominations of as much as 5 male and 5 female pals from the college roster. The total sample makes use of all accessible nominations. Manage variables--For controls we consist of no matter whether the respondent is female (=1), grade (range: 7?2th), whether or not the youth is white (=1), and no matter if the parent is single (=1). Religion can also be integrated in two techniques. 1st, religious tradition is incorporated with the following categories: evangelical protestant (ref.), title= c5nr04156b mainline protestant, Catholic, other religious affiliation, and no religious affiliation.