Acter state has been reported inside ornithomimosaurs, therizinosauroids, alvarezsauroids, tyrannosaurids

82), and types the acrocoracoid of ornithothoracines (e.g., Apsaravis, Enantiophoenix, Enantiornis; Clarke Norell, 2002; Baier, Gatesy Jenkins, 2007; Cau Arduini, 2008; Walker Dyke, 2009; Fig. 1). A hypertrophied coracoid tubercle that obscures the supracoracoid nerve foramen in lateral view is also observed in Sapeornis (Zhou Zhang, 2003; Gao et al., 2012).Humerus longer than half the combined purchase BMS-214778 length of tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsusThe ratio among the lengths on the humerus and femur is usually regarded as a RP6530 phylogenetically informative character in discussions around the evolution of coelurosaurian theropods (e.g., Brusatte et al., 2014, character 262), as that ratio is normally greater among avialans than it really is in most non-avialan theropods. Since the femur of Balaur is unknown (Brusatte et al., 2013), we employed the ratio among the length of your humerus and the sum from the lengths with the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. The humerus of non-avialan theropods is consistently shorter than half the combined length of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus (e.g., Deinonychus, Gallimimus, Microraptor, Tyrannosaurus; Ostrom, 1969; Osm ska, o Roniewicz Barsbold, 1972; Hwang et al., 2002; Brochu, 2003). In Balaur, the humerus is longer than half the combined length in the tibiotarsus and ta.Acter state has been reported inside ornithomimosaurs, therizinosauroids, alvarezsauroids, tyrannosaurids and oviraptorosaurs (Osm ska, Roniewicz Barsbold, 1972; Perle, 1979; Perle et al., 1994; o Brochu, 2003; Balanoff Norell, 2012), suggesting a high degree of homoplasy. Fusion of the scapulocoracoid is also present in basal avialans (e.g., Confuciusornithidae; Chiappe et al., 1999) and flightless avians (e.g., Struthio; ACUB 4820).Coracoid with prominent tuber placed on the anterolateral cornerThe coracoid of Balaur bears a hypertrophied tubercle that forms the anterolateral corner in the bone and obscures the supracoracoid nerve foramen when the coracoid is observed in lateral view (Fig. 1A; Brusatte et al., 2013). Non-avialan theropods possess tuberclesCau et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.4/Figure 1 Comparison between the scapulocoracoid of Balaur and other paravians. Comparison from the scapulocoracoid of (A) Balaur (lateral view) to that of (B) the pygostylian Enantiophoenix (medial view); and (C) the dromaeosaurid Velociraptor (lateral view); (A) right after Csiki et al.. (2010, Fig. 1); (B) modified just after Cau Arduini (2008, Fig. two); (C) right after Norell Makovicky (1999, Fig. 4). All scapulocoracoids are drawn with the proximal half of the scapular blade oriented horizontally to show relative placement of coracoid tubercle. Scale bar: ten mm (A); five mm (B); 10 mm (C). Abbreviations: ac, acromion; co, coracoid; ct, coracoid tubercle; gl, glenoid; me, missing element; sc, scapula; snf, supracoracoid nerve foramen.Cau et al. (2015), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.5/that are somewhat smaller and much more lateroventrally directed (when the scapula is oriented horizontally) than that seen in avialan theropods (Fig. 1C; Osm ska, Roniewicz Barsbold, o 1972; Ostrom, 1976; that is the "processus praeglenoidalis" sensu Elzanowski, Chiappe Witmer, 2002). While the coracoid tubercle of Balaur may appear autapomorphic amongst non-avialan theropods (Brusatte et al., 2013), a prominent coracoid tubercle can also be present in unenlagiines (Buitreraptor, see Agnol Novas, 2013), basal avialans i (e.g., Jeholornis, Jixiangornis; Turner, Makovicky Norell, 2012, Fig. 82), and forms the acrocoracoid of ornithothoracines (e.g., Apsaravis, Enantiophoenix, Enantiornis; Clarke Norell, 2002; Baier, Gatesy Jenkins, 2007; Cau Arduini, 2008; Walker Dyke, 2009; Fig.