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MVC [http://www.selleck.cn/products/ABT-263.html ABT 263] increased by 7.1% (Post5) and 10.6% (Post12) (P [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html R428 mouse] contraction RM repetition maximum VL m. vastus lateralis Repetitive muscle loading performed using a combination of low external load (20�C50% 1RM) and blood flow restriction (BFR) has recently gained interest, as it appears to increase human skeletal muscle mass and maximal muscle strength to a similar or greater extent (Takarada et al. 2002) as seen with heavy-load resistance training (Aagaard et al. 2001). In addition, BFR training appears to show superior results on these parameters compared to low-load resistance training without BFR (Abe et al. 2006; [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq1.html JQ1 solubility dmso] Holm et al. 2008), although recent results have suggested a hypertrophic role of low-intensity resistance training as well (Mitchell et al. 2012). However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the adaptive changes in muscle morphology in response to BFR training remain largely unknown. Recent studies show increased protein synthesis following acute bouts of BFR training, accompanied by post-translation regulation in the AKT/mTOR pathway (Fujita et al. 2007; Fry et al. 2010). Moreover, a reduced expression of the proteolysis-related genes FOXO3a, Atrogin and Murf-1, as well as the negative regulator of muscle mass, myostatin, recently were observed 8 and 48 h after acute BFR exercise (Manini et al. 2011; Laurentino et al. 2012). In contrast, mRNA expression of other myogenic- and proteolysis-related targets did not change or differ between BFR and non-occluded exercise conditions (Drummond et al. 2008; Manini et al. 2011). The activation and proliferation of MSCs have been implied to be involved in accelerated hypertrophy signalling in human skeletal muscle, where the amount of myonuclei in the myofibre has been proposed to impose a ceiling effect on myofibre hypertrophy (Kadi et al.