Ere the 24 hour recall (4 research), a meals consumption questionnaire (FCQ) (two research

These GIS based measures captured the geographic relationship between residents' residence and/or school and healthier food CB-154 web outlets (grocery retailers) ?1 study [34]; and unhealthy meals outlets (FF and comfort retailers) ?6 studies; and several meals outlet forms, including supermarkets, comfort shops, FF outlets ?9 research. Table three shows the 16 research that employed some kind of GIS primarily based measures of Baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide site neighborhood FE to capture the geographic connection amongst residents' residences and/or school and an array of meals store sorts: supermarkets, comfort shops, FF outlets, and other people. The GIS-based measures that have been made use of assessed only constructs associated for the availability (presence, counts and density) and accessibility (distance to the nearest food outlet) dimensions of your neighborhood FE. With the 16 research, two research [28,35] made use of GIS-based techniques to examine meals store availability within a particular buffer zone from household; one particular study examined FF accessibility inside a buffer from property [23], four studies examined both the availability and accessibility dimensions of meals outlets and FF from property [27,30,37,40]; a single study looked at both availability and accessibility of grocery shops inside census tracts [34]; 5 research measured each the availability and accessibility dimensions ofEngler-Stringer et al. BMC Public Overall health 2014, 14:522 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/Page 7 ofTable 3 The associations in between the meals environment and dietary intake in studies working with GIS-based measures to capture community meals environment exposureAuthor (Year) Jago et al. [27] Sample size (n) 204 Certain exposure reported Distance to food outlets from property and density of meals outlets inside a 1 mile radius of participant home FF outcome Fruit (17 sorts), 100 juice (four types) and vegetable (17 types) consumption Results - Distance to the nearest smal.Ere the 24 hour recall (4 studies), a meals consumption questionnaire (FCQ) (2 research), the Health Behavior in College Young children questionnaire (1 study), Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (1 study), a meals and drink diary (1 study) plus the Dietary Approaches to Cease Hypertension (DASH) index (1 study). In Table 2 the 26 studies are listed by the method they took for assessing the FE exposure. The most frequent method employed for measuring exposure was GIS primarily based measures (16 research). These GIS primarily based measures captured the geographic partnership among residents' property and/or school and healthful food outlets (grocery shops) ?1 study [34]; and unhealthy food outlets (FF and convenience retailers) ?six research; and numerous food outlet types, including supermarkets, convenience retailers, FF outlets ?9 research. 4 research used participant reported measures to assess some dimension of meals access, including perceived access to shops [42], perceived proximity to each type of food outlet [21], and a few dimension of food availability, for example perceived availability of FF outlets [26] and perceived density of food outlets [43]. These measures were all single-item indicators. Three studies utilized pricing measures to examine the association between food value and food consumption like FV, snack things, and FF [29,36,39]. The meals price indices of those 3 studies have been all computed from the American Chamber ofCommerce Researchers Association Expense of Living Index reports. Two more studies utilized a store audit measure [32,33]. The study by Longacre et al. [33] used an audit in the number of in-town FF outlets to assess the connection in between in-town FF outlets and FF intake.