N to the talked about above cross-frequency (CF) modulations, Witte et al.

N for the mentioned above cross-Depression and brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can be a mediator of this frequency (CF) modulations, Witte et al. (2008) described two a lot more CFC forms: envelope to frequency and frequency to frequency. In the data-based EEG burst simulations utilizing coupled .frontiersin.orgDecember 2015 | Volume 9 | ArticleBrites and FernandesMicroglia Activation, Microvesicles and miRNAs in Duffing oscillators, the authors (Witte et al., 2008) found sturdy envelope-envelope and envelope-frequency CFC in the delta (0.five?.five Hz) and the alpha (7?1 or 8?two Hz) bands and quadratic coupling using bicoherence (BIC) among delta and alpha bands.pronounced for correct rejections than for hits, even though this CFC pattern inside the hippocampus was inversely a lot more pronounced for hits than for appropriate rejections (Mormann et al., 2005). Using intracranial recordings in human epilepsy patients, Axmacher et al. (2010a) showed (i) that simultaneous maintenance of multiple products in working memory is accompanied by theta-gamma phase-amplitude CFC within the hippocampus, and title= jir.2014.0001 (ii) that maintenance of an growing quantity of things is associated with modulation of beta/gamma power by lowering theta frequency phase. In other words, modulating influence in the reduced theta phase on the beta/gamma activity delivers for greater operating memory load. Recently, Belluscio et al. (2012) discovered that theta-gamma phase-amplitude modulation inside the CA1 area of rat hippocampus was accompanied by theta-gamma phase-phase modulations, at the least for slow (30?0 Hz) and midfrequency (50?0 Hz) gamma oscillators.DELTA-THETA/DELTA-ALPHA OSCILLATORY COUPLING And other CFCsBesides the cross low-frequency/high-frequency coupling (e.g., theta-gamma), there is evidence (Lakatos et al., 2005; Schack et al., 2005; Cohen, 2008; Isler et al., 2008) that CFC exists also between the low-frequency bands (e.g., delta-theta, delta-alpha, and theta-alpha). Isler et al. (2008) reported improve in energy and coherence in the delta band elicited by novel sounds in an auditory novelty oddball task accompanied by CFC measured by BIC for delta-theta (1:three) and delta-alpha (1:4) relationships in widespread fronto-central, right parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. At the same time, globally synchronized delta oscillations were phase coupled in terms of cross-bicoherence (cBIC) to theta oscillations in central regions and to alpha oscillations in appropriate parietal and posterior regions. Using CF m:n phase synchronization index (PSI), Schack et al. (2005) identified a rise in upper alpha-theta phase synchronization in between right posterior and left anterior web sites in a memory scanning task. The authors suggested that this CFC reflects the interplay among the central executive functions (theta) and also the reactivation of long-term memory codes in short-term memory (upper alpha). In a competitive decision-making process Cohen et al. (2009b) located that alpha and beta amplitude in human medial frontal cortex was modulated by delta and theta phase; the strength of this modulation differed also among losses and wins, suggesting that this CF phase-amplitude coupling may possibly reflect a coding mechanism of feedback valence information and facts. Lately, Lakatos et al. (2005) introduced a hypothesis in regards to the "hierarchical" organization of EEG oscillations suggesting that the amplitude in the title= pnas.1408988111 oscillations at characteristic frequency is modulated by the oscillatory phase at decrease frequency.