T al., 2009). An uncommon preponderance of atrophy within this more posterior

This region is severely atrophic and Mortality by province of mother's residence, 2003 Mozambique Demographic and Health hypometabolic in SD patients (Galton et al., 2001; Nestor, Fryer, journal.pone.0077579 Hodges, 2006), and dysfunction within this area is really a sturdy predictor of your degree of semantic impairment in individuals (Mion et al., 2010). Regrettably, the majority of fMRI studies have offered no useful information around the ventral ATL, as the proximity of air-filled sinuses tends to make it difficult to extract BOLD signal from this location reliably (Devlin et al., 2000; Ojemann et al., 1997; Visser, Jefferies, Lambon Ralph, 2010). Nevertheless, numerous current studies have investigated this area making use of an optimized fMRI acquisition protocol developed to alleviate these technical issues (Embleton, Haroon, Morris, Lambon Ralph, Parker, 2010). These research have revealed strong activation on the ventral ATL when participants engage in semantic processing of words, photos, and sounds (Binney, Embleton, Jefferies, Parker, Lambon Ralph, 2010; Visser, Jefferies, Embleton, Lambon Ralph, 2012; Visser Lambon Ralph, 2011), in line with all the findings in jir.2011.0073 SD and with earlier positron emission tomography studies, which usually do not suffer in the same limitations as fMRI (e.g., Vandenberghe, Value, Sensible, Josephs, Frackowiak, 1996).T al., 2009). An uncommon preponderance of atrophy in this much more posterior region might give rise to a particularly prominent concrete word deficit in some sufferers. In recent years, there has also been growing interest within the anterior portions of the fusiform and inferior temporal gyri, an area I will refer to collectively as the `ventral ATL'. This region is severely atrophic and hypometabolic in SD patients (Galton et al., 2001; Nestor, Fryer, journal.pone.0077579 Hodges, 2006), and dysfunction within this area is often a robust predictor from the level of semantic impairment in individuals (Mion et al., 2010). This association suggests that the ventral ATL will be the site in the semantic `hub' believed to represent supramodal conceptual info (Patterson et al., 2007; Rogers et al., 2004). Unfortunately, the majority of fMRI research have offered no beneficial information around the ventral ATL, as the proximity of air-filled sinuses tends to make it hard to extract BOLD signal from this location reliably (Devlin et al., 2000; Ojemann et al., 1997; Visser, Jefferies, Lambon Ralph, 2010). Nevertheless, several recent studies have investigated this region making use of an optimized fMRI acquisition protocol developed to alleviate these technical troubles (Embleton, Haroon, Morris, Lambon Ralph, Parker, 2010). These research have revealed robust activation with the ventral ATL when participants engage in semantic processing of words, photographs, and sounds (Binney, Embleton, Jefferies, Parker, Lambon Ralph, 2010; Visser, Jefferies, Embleton, Lambon Ralph, 2012; Visser Lambon Ralph, 2011), in line together with the findings in jir.2011.0073 SD and with earlier positron emission tomography studies, which do not endure in the similar limitations as fMRI (e.g., Vandenberghe, Cost, Wise, Josephs, Frackowiak, 1996). Inside a current fMRI study, we utilised precisely the same acquisition technique to explore the responses of this area to concrete and abstract words (Hoffman, Binney, Lambon Ralph, 2015). Participants completed a variant on the Jefferies et al.'s (2009) synonym judgement job even though within the scanner. We identified that the ventral ATL responded strongly to both types of word (see Figure 2a). This offers independent proof for the idea that the ventral ATL, a critical region of damage in SD, is involved in representation of each concrete and abstract word understanding.