Ecies are intermingled in a species-independent manner (Supplementary Data Fig. S

S3). In contrast, comparisons of subfamily III sequences of those species and low-copy counterparts of subfamily III in other species examined show higher interspecific sequence conservation plus the comprehensive lack of any species-diagnostic mutations, and thus they seem to become intermixed in the subfamily III clade (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). HinfI sequences of Carduncellus (subfamily IV) seem intermingled devoid of separation by precise affinity (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). Inside the case of Rhaponticum and Klasea, sequences have a Slightly fewer ladies had term births (90?2 vs 93 ). There had been many statistically tendency to be grouped by precise affinity (Supplementary Data Fig. S3). Sequences of subfamily VI of Volutaria are separated according to species of origin (Supplementary Data Fig. S3). On the other hand, the sequences from the two different subfamilies located in Cheirolophus (VII and VIII) are not grouped in phylogenetic trees by particular affinity and seem to become intermixed (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). DISCUSSION HinfI sequences happen to be located to be present within the genomes of each of the species analysed of subtribe Centaureinae. These species are representative on the complete selection of groups within this subtribe (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). The first phase of radiation of your subtribe could possibly date for the late Oligocene and Miocene. Consequently, the HinfI satellite DNA would date to at least 28 ?23 million years ago (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). This isn't popular among satellite DNA households, particularly in plants, one of the most ancient located exceptionally in cycads (Cafasso et al., 2003). We identified eight HinfI subfamilies. Our results suggest that the eight HinfI subfamilies had been present inside the popular ancestor of Centaureinae, every single 1 spreading differentially in diverse genera. The differential spreading accompanied the two most important phases of radiation top to two big groups in Centaureinae (Garcia-Jacas et al., 2001; Hellwig, 2004). Hence, subfamilies V III are discovered to prevail in older genera (first phase of radiation in the subtribe, late Oligocene iocene), even though a couple of repeats of subfamilies VI and VII were isolated from Carduncellus and Centaurea (derived clade). Subfamilies I V have expanded predominantly in the genomes of species belonging for the derived clade of Centaureinae (second phase of radiation, Pliocene to Pleistocene). Notably, there are many species of your early diverging groups obtaining subfamilies I II as the significant representatives of HinfI sequences in their genomes. These data suggest that subfamilies I V have expanded lately, replacing other subfamilies in derived genera and in older genera. The replacement of one particular sequence variant by a different in distinct species is a common function of satellite DNA that could be a consequence of the dynamics of satellite DNA evolution (Plohl et al., 2010, 2012). Molecular mechanisms of non-reciprocalDerived cladeIn phylogenentic analyses of subtribe Centaureinae (GarciaJacas et al., 2001), within the derived clade, the Carthamus complicated occupies the earliest diverging position, and subgenera Jacea and Cyanus of Centaurea, for whi.Ecies are intermingled in a species-independent manner (Supplementary Information Fig. S3). Nonetheless, most sequences of subfamily III belonging to Phonus and Carthamus species are likely to be grouped by taxonomic affinity, on one particular hand the sequences of Phonus arborescens and, on the other, the sequences of Carthamus tinctorius and these of Carthamus lanatus, even though there are some intermixed sequences from each (Supplementary Information Fig.